Quantum Computing: The Bitcoin Blockchain Killer and Its Implications for Securing Advanced Air Mobility

量子计算：比特币区块链杀手及其对确保先进空中交通的影响

A Dual Threat and Opportunity

威胁和机遇并存

As an advocate for Advanced Air Mobility (AAM), I see tremendous potential for a future dominated by autonomous drones, cargo planes, and flying taxis. Quantum computing presents a dual-edged sword: it threatens to undermine the cryptographic foundations of blockchain—widely regarded as the backbone of Bitcoin’s security—and simultaneously offers solutions to fortify AAM’s security against cyber threats. This article explores how quantum computing disrupts traditional cryptographic solutions, the vulnerabilities it exposes in blockchain systems, and how these challenges intersect with the demands of AAM.

作为先进空中交通 （AAM） 的倡导者，我看到了由自主无人机、货机和飞行出租车主导的未来的巨大潜力。量子计算是一把双刃剑：它有可能破坏区块链的加密基础（被广泛认为是比特币安全的支柱），同时提供解决方案来加强 AAM 的安全性以抵御网络威胁。本文探讨了量子计算如何破坏传统的加密解决方案、它在区块链系统中暴露的漏洞，以及这些挑战如何与 AAM 的需求相交。

Understanding Cryptography and Its Vulnerabilities

了解加密技术及其漏洞

Cryptographic systems protect everything from online banking to secure communications and blockchain technologies. These systems primarily rely on:

加密系统保护从网上银行到安全通信和区块链技术的所有内容。这些系统主要依赖于：

Public-Key Cryptography: Algorithms like RSA, ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography), and DSA secure data exchange and digital signatures.

公钥加密：RSA、ECC（椭圆曲线密码学）和 DSA 等算法可安全数据交换和数字签名。

Symmetric Key Encryption: Algorithms such as AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) protect data at rest or in transit.

对称密钥加密：AES （Advanced Encryption Standard） 等算法可保护静态或传输中的数据。

Hashing Algorithms: Hash functions like SHA-256 ensure data integrity and are critical for blockchain technology.

哈希算法：SHA-256 等哈希函数可确保数据完整性，并且对区块链技术至关重要。

Key Threats Posed by Quantum Computing:

量子计算带来的主要威胁：

Quantum computing can disrupt these systems through its ability to leverage quantum phenomena like superposition and entanglement.

量子计算可以通过利用叠加和纠缠等量子现象来破坏这些系统。

Vulnerability level against quantum computing量子计算的漏洞级别

Bitcoin and Blockchain Security

比特币和区块链安全

Breaking Private Keys (ECDSA Vulnerability): Bitcoin relies on public-private key pairs to sign transactions. Using Shor’s Algorithm, a sufficiently powerful quantum computer could derive the private key from the public key in polynomial time. This would allow attackers to forge digital signatures and steal funds from wallets.

破解私钥（ECDSA 漏洞）： 比特币依靠公钥-私钥对来签署交易。使用 Shor 算法，足够强大的量子计算机可以在多项式时间内从公钥派生私钥。这将允许攻击者伪造数字签名并从钱包中窃取资金。

Breaking Private Keys 破解私钥

Mining Hash Collisions (SHA-256 Vulnerability): Mining relies on solving computationally intensive hash problems to validate blocks. Grover’s Algorithm could reduce the effective security of SHA-256, allowing quantum miners to solve proof-of-work problems more efficiently than classical miners, disrupting the network and centralizing control.

挖矿哈希冲突（SHA-256 漏洞）： 挖矿依赖于解决计算密集型哈希问题来验证区块。Grover 算法可能会降低 SHA-256 的有效安全性，使量子矿工能够比经典矿工更有效地解决工作量证明问题，从而破坏网络并集中控制。

Double Spending Attack: Quantum computers could enable attackers to outpace honest miners, rewriting portions of the blockchain and allowing double spending of Bitcoin.

双花攻击： 量子计算机可以使攻击者超越诚实的矿工，重写区块链的某些部分并允许比特币的双花。

Not all Bitcoin components are equally vulnerable. The hash functions (SHA-256) used in mining are relatively quantum-resistant. The biggest threat is to exposed public keys, especially in reused addresses.

并非所有比特币组件都同样容易受到攻击。挖矿中使用的哈希函数 （SHA-256） 相对抗量子。最大的威胁是暴露的公有密钥，尤其是在重复使用的地址中。

Quantum Computing Impact on Bitcoin量子计算对比特币的影响

Quantum computing specifically threatens the ECDSA component while the mining process remains relatively secure.

量子计算特别威胁到 ECDSA 组件，而挖矿过程仍然相对安全。

Bitcoin's Quantum Computing Threat Model比特币的量子计算威胁模型

Timeline for the Threat: 威胁的时间线：

Quantum computing is still in its early stages, and practical attacks on Bitcoin are estimated to be 10–15 years away, depending on advancements in quantum technology and error correction. Estimates suggest that 4,000+ stable qubits would be needed to break Bitcoin's cryptography.

量子计算仍处于早期阶段，据估计，对比特币的实际攻击还需要 10-15 年的时间，具体取决于量子技术和纠错的进步。据估计，需要 4,000+ 稳定的量子比特才能破解比特币的密码学。

Quantum Computing Threat Progression量子计算威胁进展

Quantum-Resistant Blockchain Solutions for AAM

适用于 AAM 的抗量子区块链解决方案

To counter these threats, the aviation industry must adopt quantum-resistant blockchain technologies. Post-quantum cryptographic algorithms and other innovations are essential to future-proof blockchain systems in the quantum era.

为了应对这些威胁，航空业必须采用抗量子区块链技术。后量子加密算法和其他创新对于量子时代面向未来的区块链系统至关重要。

Key Solutions: 关键解决方案：

Lattice-Based Algorithms: These algorithms are resistant to quantum attacks and can replace RSA/ECC for digital signatures.

基于晶格的算法： 这些算法可以抵抗量子攻击，并且可以取代 RSA/ECC 进行数字签名。

Hash-Based Algorithms: Enhanced cryptographic hash functions provide stronger resistance to quantum threats.

基于哈希的算法： 增强的加密哈希函数提供了更强的量子威胁抵抗力。

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD): QKD ensures secure communication by leveraging quantum mechanics to create tamper-proof encryption keys.

量子密钥分发 （QKD）：QKD 通过利用量子力学创建防篡改加密密钥来确保安全通信。

Quantum-Resistant Solutions抗量子解决方案

Blockchain Vulnerabilities in the Context of AAM

AAM 上下文中的区块链漏洞

Blockchain has been proposed as a secure solution for managing AAM systems, including vehicle-to-vehicle communication, air traffic control, and maintenance records. However, the quantum threat to blockchain security is particularly concerning for AAM due to the high stakes involved in aviation safety and operational reliability.

区块链已被提议作为管理 AAM 系统（包括车对车通信、空中交通管制和维护记录）的安全解决方案。然而，由于航空安全和运营可靠性涉及高风险，因此 AAM 尤其担心区块链安全面临的量子威胁。

Examples of Potential Failures in AAM:

AAM 中的潜在故障示例：

• Hacked Flight Operations: Imagine a scenario where a flying taxi’s operational blockchain is compromised, allowing attackers to redirect its course.
• 被黑客入侵的飞行作： 想象一下这样一个场景：飞行出租车的运营区块链遭到破坏，允许攻击者改变其路线。
• Manipulated Maintenance Logs: Blockchain vulnerabilities could allow attackers to alter critical maintenance records, leading to operational failures.
• 纵的维护日志： 区块链漏洞可能允许攻击者更改关键维护记录，从而导致作失败。
• Passenger Data Breaches: Sensitive data stored on blockchain systems could be decrypted, exposing passengers to identity theft and other risks.
• 乘客数据泄露： 存储在区块链系统上的敏感数据可能会被解密，从而使乘客面临身份盗用和其他风险。

Navigating the Quantum Horizon for AAM Security

探索 AAM 安全性的 Quantum Horizon

As an advocate for Advanced Air Mobility, I firmly believe that the industry stands at a pivotal crossroads. Quantum computing is both a disruptor and an enabler—challenging existing cryptographic systems while offering tools to secure our skies like never before. The threats to blockchain, communication channels, and operational integrity are real and imminent, but they also open doors for innovation.

作为先进空中交通的倡导者，我坚信该行业正处于关键的十字路口。量子计算既是颠覆者，也是推动者，它挑战现有的加密系统，同时提供前所未有的工具来保护我们的天空。对区块链、通信渠道和运营完整性的威胁是真实且迫在眉睫的，但它们也为创新打开了大门。

In the quantum age, the ability to adapt quickly and proactively will define the success of AAM systems. By embracing this technological revolution and its challenges, we can transform potential vulnerabilities into strengths and build a secure, interconnected air mobility ecosystem.

在量子时代，快速主动适应的能力将决定 AAM 系统的成功。通过迎接这场技术革命及其挑战，我们可以将潜在的脆弱性转化为优势，并建立一个安全、互联的空中交通生态系统。

As we step into a quantum-capable future, we must safeguard operations, ensuring a secure and sustainable future for advanced air mobility.

随着我们步入一个具有量子能力的未来，我们必须保护运营，确保先进空中交通的安全和可持续未来。